Morpheme

MORPHEME

            Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Maksudnya berarti mofem merupakan bagian terkecil dari suatu bahasa dan tidak dapat dibagi menjadi unit kecil lagi. Morpheme ini merupakan bagian yang member makna pada kata itu sendiri dan akan menjadi fokus pada morphology. There are two parts of morphem :

1.     Free Morpheme

                Menurut salah seorang linguist bernama Yule,pada tahun 2006 mengutarakan bahwa “Free Morpheme that can stand by themselves as single words”, whereas “bound morpheme” are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form. Maksudnya adalah Free Morpheme has meaning as a word.  Selain itu pada pendapat lain juga diungkapkan oleh Crystal pada tahun 1997 “Free Morpheme can occur as separated words”.  Pendapat tersebut bermakna bahwa Free Morpheme dapat berdiri sendiri dan memiliki makna yang utuh sebagai kata itu sendiri. Menurut ahli lain yaitu Mish pada tahun 1990 mengungkapkan “A free morpheme is a grammatical unit that can occur by itself. However, other morpheme such as affixes can be attached to it”.  Menurutnya bahwa Free Morpheme merupakan unit gramatikal yang dapat berdiri sendiri.

            Berdasarkan ketiga pendapat diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa Free Morpheme adalah Morpheme yang dapat berdiri sendiri dan gramatikal serta memiliki makna yang utuh tanpa perlu penambahan apapun, it can stand by themselves as a single word. Here are some examples for Free Morpheme:

·         Love- it has own meaning, kata tersebut memiliki arti dan dapat berdiri sendiri.

·         Eat-

·         Drink-

And so many words that have meaning. They have their own meaning,and we called them Free Morpheme.

2.     Bound Morpheme

            Menurut ahli Pei dan Geynor pada tahun 1954 menyatakan bahwa “Bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never occurs by itself, but is always attached to some other morphemes”. Maksud dari pernyataan tersebut adalah Bound Morpheme merupakan morpheme yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri dan selalu terikat dengan morpheme lain. Pendapat lain diungkapkan oleh Klammer pada tahun 2000 bahwa  “Prefixes and suffixes are considered to be bound morphemes because they are incapable of standing alone as words; they must be connected (bound) to other morphemes”.  Dimaksudkan bahwa Bound Morpheme merupakan affix dan prefix yang terdapat dan harus dihubungkan pada morpheme lain.  Selain itu menurut O’Grady pada tahun 1997 dinyatakan bahwa “ Bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be attached to another element”.

            Dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Bound Morpheme merupakan morpheme yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri dan tentunya tidak akan memiliki arti. Bound Morpheme dapat dihubungkan pada morpheme lain dan akan memiliki makna berbeda dari kata awal. Here are some example:

·         Like – free morpheme, if added un, UNLIKE, it has different meaning

·         Dog, dog + s , the mean will different from the first morpheme.

Penggunaan UN dan S diatas member makna baru pada Free Morpheme, we can Called them as Bound Morpheme.

That’s all about Morpheme. ThankYou for reading. 
References:

 http://sitinurlatipahachmad.blogspot.co.id/2011/12/morfologi-morfem-dan-morf.html

http://repository.widyatama.ac.id/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/3587/Bab%202.pdf?sequence=7

http://repository.widyatama.ac.id/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/2354/9%20BAB%20II.pdf?sequence=9

 

Ambiguity

AMBIGUITY

            Something that does not have a single clear meaning: something that is ambiguous. In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted (although some may not be immediately apparent), whereas with information that is vague, it is difficult to form any interpretation at the desired level of specificity. The context in which an ambiguous word is used often makes it evident which of the meanings is intended. If, for instance, someone says "I buried $100 in the bank", most people would not think someone used a shovel to dig in the mud. However, some linguistic contexts do not provide sufficient information to disambiguate a used word. Ambiguous words or statements lead to vagueness and confusion, and shape the basis for instances of unintentional humor. Although people are sometimes said to be ambiguous in how they use language, ambiguity is, strictly speaking, a property of linguistic expressions. A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning. Obviously this definition does not say what meanings are or what it is for an expression to have one (or more than one). For a particular language, this information is provided by a grammar, which systematically pairs forms with meanings, ambiguous forms with more than one meaning.

 Here are some examples of Ambiguity:

• A good life depends on a liver – Liver may be an organ or simply a living person.
• Foreigners are hunting dogs – It is unclear whether dogs were being hunted or foreigners are being spoken of as dogs.
• Each of us saw her duck – It is not clear whether the word “duck” refers to an action of ducking or a duck that is a bird.
• The passerby helps dog bite victim – Is the passerby helping a dog bite someone? Or is he helping a person bitten by a dog? It’s not clear.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ambiguity

http://literarydevices.net/ambiguity/

http://online.sfsu.edu/kbach/ambguity.html

Denotaion,Connotation,Implication

DENOTATION, CONNOTATION, IMPLICATION

            Denotation is a translation of a sign to its meaning, precisely to its literal meaning, more or less like dictionaries try to define it. Denotation is sometimes contrasted to connotation, which translates a sign to meanings associated with it. Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles Khaving a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions. For example, was Juliet to look up the word 'rose' in the dictionary, she would find something like, 'a bush or shrub that produces flowers, usually red, pink, white or yellow in color.' Similarly, street names, like Sistrunk Boulevard or Northeast Sixth Street, tell people where they are and help them get to where they want to go. The denotation of a word does not carry the associations, emotions, or attitudes that the word might have. The opposite concept is called connotation, which refers to those associations and nuances that a word carries. Now we tend to use denotation in opposition to connotation, which is indirect or symbolic meaning.

                            Connotation is an implied that is associated with a word in addition to its literal meaning. This association can be cultural or emotional. A connotation is frequently described as either positive or negative, with regards to its pleasing or displeasing emotional connection. Connotation branches into a mixture of different meanings. Here are some examples of connotation:

Positive Connotations 

• Childlike
• Dove (peace)
• Hollywood (fame)
• Home
• Lean
• Modest
• Slender
• Thrifty
• Wall Street (wealth)
• Youthful

Negative Connotations

• Babe (woman)
• Chick (woman)
• Broad (woman)
• Chatty
• Chicken (coward)
• Lackadaisical
• Miserly
• Mutt
• Procrastination
• Pushy
• Reservation (Native Americans)
• Retarded
• Skinny
• Uppity

The definition of denotation is the opposite of the definition of connotation, which refers to the associations and emotions that a word carries in a culture. The denotation of a word is what you can find in a dictionary entry about that word. In fact, this is a helpful way to remember which literary device is which: “denotation” starts with the same letter as “dictionary” and “definition.”

            Implication is the activity that a speaker or piece of writing does. When a speaker or a piece of writing implies something, that speaker or piece of writing has conveyed, suggested, or hinted at it without stating it outright. Implication is the fact or state of being involved in or connected to something.  

http://www.literarydevices.com/denotation/

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/denotation

http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/English_Literature/terms/denotation.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denotation

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/connotation-examples.html

http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/9353/5_08_Khamis.pdf

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/implication